TORTOISES ARE GOING TO WALK FASTER???????

                                                  Though it looks to be impossible, but it's true- tortoises are going to walk fast in the Twycross zoo.
                                                  This zoo is training its giant tortoises to walk faster. Staff members at  the Twycross, are feeding treats to Speedy(70), Tom(40), Shelly(30) so that they can exceed their speed of less than one mile per hour as they cross a new larger pen, the daily express reported. " we use a target and the tortoises' favorite foods. We hold the target a few centimeters in front of them and when they touch it with their nose we say 'good' and feed them. we the move the target further away and repeat the process," Kris Hern- a zookeeper, said this.
                                                If this examination is successful then it is a big proof of the Darwin's  struggle for existence and the theory of his evolution.

BUMPY-FACED REPTILE RULED THE WORLD BEFORE THE DINOSAURS

                                                     During the Permian era, there was only one super-continent called Pangea existed on the earth. Animal and plant life dispersed broadly across this land. Now by a new theory published in the Journal of vertebrate paleontology supports the idea that there was an isolated desert in the middle off the Pangea with its own fauna. Roaming in this desert in what is now northern Niger was a very distinctive creature known as Pareiasaur. They were very large herbivorous reptile and they were very common in that desert  during the middle and late Permian era [about 266-252 million years ago.]
                                                 The main author of this theory, Linda Tsuji said, "Imagine a cow-sized plant-eating reptile with a knobby skull and bony armor down its back."

                                                 Newly discovered fossils belong to the aptly genus Bunostegos which means knobby[skull] roof. Fleshing out of the details, the archaeologist have candidly explain that the face of the Pareiasaur appears as if it has been made by a kindergarten, who went wild when he was using the brush. Most of the Pareiasaurs had a bony knobs on their skulls but Bunostegos spotted the largest, most bulbous one's ever discovered. In life, these were probably skin-covered horns like those on the heads of the modern giraffes. Although at the first blush these features seem to suggest that Bunostegos was an evolutionary advance Pareiasaur, it also had many primitive characteristic. Tsuji's analysis showed that Bunostegos was actually more closely related to older and more primitive Pareiasaurs which leads us to to conclusions: 

1. its knobby noggin was the result of convergent evolution 
2. that is genealogical lineage had been isolated for millions of years 

                                         The archaeologists had explained that Bunostegos were not live alone in the desert, some fossils of another creature creatures were found there, named Gorgonopsian- a mammal like carnivore. 

                                          Some scientist believed that the modern day turtles are the direct descendants of Pareiasaurs. During the phase of this discovery, the knob lizard was studied and was found to be a primitive lizard. It had separated from the original ones millions of years ago. It was obliterated from the surface of the earth, roughly 248 million years ago.

PLANETS WITH TWO SUNS MAY INCREASE THE CHANCE TO HAVE LIFE

                                  Planets with two suns should be more capable of supporting life than other planets. These type of having dual suns might actually help prevent the damaging solar winds from bombarding planets in their system. Joni Clark, a undergraduate student at new mexico state university said, " It's like a really good marriage. they vent to each other, and they're not focused on anything else. They slow each other down and that causes increased magnetic  protection of the planets."
                                 When the stars in a binary are somewhat evenly matched in mass, the can enter into a synchronized dance that keeps solar winds to a minimum. The stars also need to fully orbit one another within 10 to 30 days to expand the habitable zone. If they drift too far apart, it could put a significant gravitational strain on the orbiting planets.
                                 The magnetic fields of the planets aren't necessarily boosted in these kinds of binary system, Clark said, but they don't have to deal with as much solar wind assault. Waterly worlds and rocky planets could form in areas of the system that might not be habitable without the double star interaction, he added.

                                  Clark said, " It also leaves the potential open for smaller planets that have less magnetic field protection to remain habitable as they don't have to protect themselves from as much as they would in a single star case." he found that p- type planets received 0.7 % less flux from solar wind than earth depending on their position in the solar system. Potentially, p-type binaries could have more potential for habitability." In these system, it's also possible that habitable alien planets could exist as close-in to their stars as Venus is to the sun.

CAVE BEAR

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION 

Skeleton of the cave bear

• KINGDOM : Animalia

• PHYLUM : Chordata 

• CLASS : Mammalia

• ORDER : Carnivora

• FAMILY : Ursidae

• GENUS : Ursus

• SPECIES : Ursus Spelaeus  

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 

• SIZE :  About 7 ft to 10 feet long.

• WEIGHT : 500 - 1000 pounds

• LIFE SPAN : 15 -20 Years

• HABITAT: Mountains  and woodlands of the Europe

• HISTORICAL EPOCH : Middle to late Pleistocene age

INTRODUCTION:  

                              Cave bear was a species of bear that come in the earth at the middle Pleistocene age, around 1,000,000 years ago, and extinct from the world at the late p]Pleistocene age, around 20,000 years ago.From the study, it is proved that this bears spend much more time in the cave than the brown bears, that is why the scientists name them cave bear.

DESCRIPTION: 

                             Cave bears had a large head with a massive canine teeth. From the cave painting it seems that they had a short ears and a pig-like face, which makes them look like the modern teddy bears. Its front legs were massive, with huge paws and claws- like today's grizzly. males are almost 900- 1100 pounds heavy, where the females are almost 500- 600 pounds heavy- that shows, the males are twice bigger than the females. from the study, its looks like they grew larger in the glaciation periods than the inter-glaciation period.

HABITAT AND RANGE :

Fossil structure of the cave bear

                            Cave bears' range stretched across Europe, from Spain to great Britain in west, Italy, Poland, parts of Germany, the Balkans, Austria, Switzerland, Croatia, Hungary, Romania and parts of Russia, including the Caucasus, and northern Iran; though no evidence were found for what we can say that the they lived in Scotland, Scandinavian or the Baltic countries, which were completely covered in extensive glacial at the time. The cave bear inhabited low mountain areas, they seems to avoid the open plains. They preferred the forest areas.

DIET :

                            From the study, it looks like they cave bears are very much herbivorous, even more than the brown bears.it dug up the roots, ate berries, etc. It may have dug up burrowing animals such as marmots. it is suggested that the cave bears may be specialized on digging up root-beds in deep glacial silt.

REPRODUCTION :

                            It is expected that cave bears had similar breeding habits to the brown bears.

THREATS :

1. Saber-tooth and other carnivores used to hunt cave bears for their foods, 
2. Many fossils were found which indicates that many sub-adult cave bears often failed to get through the hibernation. It's probably because the adults excluded them from the best feeding areas and so they failed to put on enough fat to survive winter. 
3. Human also hunt the cave bears not only for food, they hunt them for the hunting ritual or they kept the skull as the winning trophies. they also killed them for their habitat, as they can take shelter in the caves of the cave bears.

EVOLUTION :

                          It is thought that the cave bears were came from the Plio-Pleistocene Etruscan bears(Ursus Etruscus) who lived in the earth from, 5.3 million years ago to 10,000 years ago. The immediate precursor of cave bears were most probably Ursus Deningeri.

EXTINCTION : 

Human hunting cave bear

                          The extinction of the cave bears were very controversial, and very mysterious, it is not happened for a single factor, a complex set factor happened, for the studies of different scientist, we can conclude, the main causes are these-

1. Human hunts too much cave bears that leads them to their extinction.
2. Climate change is also a heavy factor, at the time of the beginning of the ice age cave bears might not adopted that climate change. and gone extinct. 
3. At the beginning of the ice age there was a huge food crisis, that leads the cave bears in starvation and also the predators killed too much cave bears for food.
4. Some scientist thought that at the time of the beginning of the ice age, cave bears were attacked by some virus and bacteria, that caused their extinction.  

                       Though my personal view is the cave bears not gone extinct, at the beginning of the ice age or before the beginning of the ice age, a group of these cave bears started to migrate to the north, and evolved into polar bears, read my this article THE EVOLUTION OF POLAR BEAR

REFERENCE :

1.  FATE OF THE CAVE BEAR by Andrew curry
2. CAVE BEAR by Bob Strauss
3. Huge Cave Bears: When and Why They Disappeared from livescience staff
4. cave bear Wikipedia
5. cave bear  BBC science

TINIEST GALAXY FOUND

                              Recently the astronomers finds a new galaxy. It is known that the galaxy contains almost a collection of 1000 stars, these are held together with a bit of dark matter, orbiting the milky way. It is the most lightweight galaxy ever discovered. The scientist are using the world's most powerful telescope at the W M Keck observatory. The astronomers named the galaxy segue 2.The co-author James bullock said, " Finding a galaxy as tine as segue 2 is like discovering an elephant smaller than a mouse. Segue 2's presence could hint at the existence of thousands more very low mass systems."
                              astronomers are searching these types of galaxies for a long time. these time of galaxies helps us to know what is our future or what is our history. this type of galaxies, either the stage of the ruined galaxy or the beginning of the new one.

SAVE POLAR BEAR PROJECT

                                  We know there are around 25,000 polar bears alive in the world and if we try our best, then we can only save them till the existence ice on the Arctic. As we all know that the genetic changes in the polar bears are mainly because of the very cold temperature in the Arctic region. so as long the ice are there, polar bears can exist.

                                  But now a days scientists think that the excessive hunting of the polar bears and for the increase of the human habitat, these bears lost their own privacy and habitat. Which can be a very important cause of the extinction of the polar bears in the near future(long before the melting of the ice in the Arctic region). So the scientists are taking may new theories and concepts to stop this.

                                Here I'm giving my own concept/ theory to save those polar bears.

                                Polar bears are found in these regions-  Arctic region, Greenland, Russia, Canada, Alaska, Svalbard.

                               To make an theory about the conservation of the polar bears, we have to figure out the factors related to the polar bears. the factors are-

             1. The environmental changes- As the time goes the thickness of the ice layers are getting less to lesser.

             2. Hunting- People hunt them to reduce the unwanted attacks from them, and also for the oil and the skin.

            3. Food crisis- People not only kill the polar bears but also kill other small/large animals for there needs. this makes a huge impact on the Arctic life food chain. and since polar bears are in the top of this chain, so it effects them the most.

   

       MY PROJECT - 

REQUIRED AREA AND PRIMARY NEEDS FOR THAT AREA-

mother bear playing with it's cub

                    We have to choose a quite big place, about 1000 sq km. Obviously it'll be a polar area, and must have the same climate just like where they used to live. it helps them to live freely. Now we have to make sure that the place is completely secure from the poachers and the common people. Now we need to arrange the preys for them,  seal is the primary diet for the polar bears. so it's necessary that the chosen place must be a place where seals used to come. and also we can try for many kind of fishes. now we fit 24 hours running automatic cameras. so we can watch the family's every move.

WORK-

               Here the real work comes. we have to collect a polar bear family consisting of the mother and her children. then we examine them, to see if they are all healthy enough to adopt. Now if they are enough healthy, then we take them, otherwise we collect another family. Now the chosen family will be shifted to our chosen area. now we will watch them every hour and see if they have facing any problem. Here not only we can just watch them and give safety to them, but also we can do some research work about them, work like, we can observe them every single minutes to know more about them and find the difference and the common factors between them and the other bears. this might help us to know about the evolution of the polar bear which is still a mystery. Now we observed that family till the cubs are ready to leave the family, when  those cubs leave the family, we take them and send them to there real place. 

polar bear family

WHAT HELP WE GET FROM THIS- 

• we can do more research works about the polar bears.
• we can observed more clearly that how the polar bears teach their cubs.
• we can ensure increase of two or three or four new adult polar bears in the planet.
• we can control and able to stop the poachers from poaching.
• after doing this for the 1st time, we can continue this process and that time we may do it in a large scale. this surely helps us to increase the number of polar bears.

    If you like my concept or have any problem or new thought, please share.